Nora in a doll’s house: behind gendered lines

In exemplary Victorian relationships, the predominant standard generalizations jobs in relationships that encapsulate the male-commanded society great of the period ladies filling in as improvements or as we probably am aware it today, trophy spouses, to fruitful men.This winning business as usual is the thing that the general public in Europe especially Norway where A Doll’s House by Henrik Ibsen was set, sees as the request it should be liberated from disarray and chaos that could undermine the very establishment of the society.Nora is the exemplification of a liberated female in that time from the outset, the image of a dutiful wife whose very presence rotates around her significant other yet at long last, demonstrating that ladies are not dolls who can be paid off to be the sort of people their husbands need them to be. Nora accordingly speaks to the current enabled lady solid, discerning and resolved to locate her own happiness.II. ThesisThis paper contends that human rig hts involve a unique rearrangement of society and its standards fuelled by the two people the same. To begin with, ladies like men are exposed to generalizing of jobs that characterizes their jobs that they may not like.Nora and Torvald are both caught in their jobs. Second, it is how much ladies and men grasp the double dealing and imitation that connotes their ability to be liberated. By the last piece of the conversation, it is obvious that Nora had perceived her need to get herself and be taught so as to teach others and live joyfully liberated from trickery. Third, women’s rights are human rights on the grounds that during the time spent freeing ladies, men are likewise liberated.III. IntroductionIn Victorian occasions, the very idea of women’s rights is progressive and horrifying. A Doll’s House spoke to what most ladies in Victorian period in Europe experienced-however they were not exposed to cruel working conditions or sexual maltreatment, they are in a ny case manhandled (Coomaraswamy 16). Nonetheless, to restrict that it is just the ladies who are detained in a universe of untruths and double dealing would be a gross misconception of Ibsen’s play.This article assesses the great play that unravels the association of European culture (and most nations too) to bring it into request. A Doll’s House by Ibsen is fundamentally broke down on its view of women’s right versus human rights and how it had been fuelled by mask and fraud. In addition, an assessment on Act III especially the temperances of vision and negativity will be inspected in lieu with the focal topic of ladies liberation.IV. Nora in Ibsen’s PlayFirst, let us start with the job of Nora and Torvald Helmer. In Act I, Nora gets back home with Christmas shopping while her better half rises up out of the examination. Note that Torvald had called Nora a â€Å"little songbird twittering† (Ibsen, pp.2) and â€Å"little squirrel bustling† (p.2) as an illustration on how he had rewarded her in the entire play-a showcase and a doll that he can control to anything he desires to. Torvald by calling Nora such names builds up his power inside the family. Nora as his significant other is his pet to whom he shields.

The Life and Music of John Coltrane free essay sample

Quintet, which included Red Garland, Paul Chambers and Philly Joe Jones. He came to national unmistakable quality as a part. Hue moved to New York in 1956. New York was the home of many Jazz performers including Miles Davis, yet additionally record organizations and recording studios. Be that as it may, catastrophe struck, Coloration was kicked out by Miles as a result of heroin enslavement. Shading was squashed and come back to Philadelphia again in the spring of 1957 to kick his heroin propensity and his liquor addiction. With the help of his significant other and his mom, he spent a whole week in isolation, eating nothing and drinking just water.He later portrayed being ? Contacted? By God during the time, and devoted his next account, ? A Love Supreme? , to his Lord. My objective, Coloration said as though (emerging from the cinders) like a phoenix to lecture his ? Disclosure? , is to carry on with the genuinely strict life, and express it through my music. We will compose a custom exposition test on The Life and Music of John Coltrane or then again any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page On the off chance that you live it, when you play theres no issue in light of the fact that the music is a piece of the entire thing. To be a performer is truly something. It goes extremely profound. My music is the profound articulation of what I am, my confidence, my insight, my being. He would dispose of his addictions and rejoin the scene with Theologies Monk at New York? S Five Spot, which is know to many Jazz students of history as a ? Unbelievable gig?. He in the long run rejoined Miles, by January 958. Starting here on, his tenor work shown astonishing fire and innovation. His music utilized essential Jazz as a beginning stage, joined Eastern thoughts and free-Jazz propensities which incorporated different or protracted soloing with limitless vitality. With Miles Davis, Chlorates large tone would help make that bunch one of the best Jazz Peg. Gatherings at any point amassed. While with Miles he partook in such great Davis meetings as Milestones and Kind Of Blue. In 1959, Coloration discharged Giant Steps, an earth shattering collection that solidly settled him as a tenor ace. His exemplary Giant Steps collection contained the forceful tunes Giant Steps and Countdown?. In 1960, Coloration shaped his own gathering. This gathering included McCoy Tuner, Elvin Jones and Jimmy Garrison. This gathering has be recognized as one of the best and most commended bunches in the historical backdrop of Jazz.They recorded and discharged a progression of incredible collections including My Favorite Things, A Love Supreme, Coloration Live at Birdman, Transition, and others. Shading later framed another imaginative gathering, maddening with his musician spouse, Alice. Together they proceeded with an incredibly free and constant ad libbing style. Shading looked to lead a progressively sound life, however tragically the abundances of his childhood brought about his initial demise at 41 years old of liver ailment on July 17, 1967. . It is difficult to get a handle on reality behind John Coloration through a slue of realities and dates.All the realities about his short life, all the recollections of his companions and individual performers, and all the investigation of his playing style educate us practically nothing concerning the man Coloration himself. Hue? S conviction was that Jazz depends intensely on act of spontaneity. He was known to solo for forty five minutes one after another. One of the fascinating things is a similar piece may Coloration is to tune in to his music. Tinge broke the Jazz sound wall with his eager experimentation and act of spontaneities, his showy free-form of playing drove numerous audience members away. Joel Odor portrays in The Last Giant: The John Coloration Anthology; ? Lets hard to acknowledge, on the off chance that you werent there, the size of the debate that spun around John Coloration and his music in the late ass and early ass. You either burrowed Trance or you didnt. They attached that equivalent shadow on Monk. Be that as it may, it was Trance ho truly worked me up. Dazes music drove pundits, fans, even performers into brutally star or con-Coloration camps. I saw folks getting into a physical altercation over his music.The truth that he was not even remotely associated with the debate, Just the music, expanded its power. ? Different instances of Collocates air and style could be added here by Mike Sherwin; ? He (Coloration) hated being confined by any kind of rules at all. He revealed to Wayne Shorter that he was attempting to figure out how to begin in a sentence and move in the two bearings simultaneously. About Schoenberg 12-note yester, he stated: Damn the principles. The inclination tallies. You play every one of the 12 notes at any rate. A statement that I for one feel that epitomizes Coloration? S music and style would need to be one before breakfast Severest; ? The as often as possible referenced polarity between Trances red hot, hazardous musicianship and his tranquil, delicate air existed amidst this assortment, encompassed by the contentions among the pundits, whose representations of Trance ran from that of an impious culprit of hostile to Jazz to that of an artist whose vocation as saxophone soloist, bandleader, and author characterized (and accelerated re-imagined) the style of music kn own as Jazz.? I think, Coloration shared once, the primary concern a performer might want to do is to give an image to the audience of the numerous awesome things he knows and faculties known to mankind. That is the thing that music is to meits Just another method of saying this is a major, excellent universe we live in, that has been given to us, and heres a case of Just how superb and incorporating it is. That is the thing that I might want to do. I think that is perhaps the best thing you can do throughout everyday life, and we as a whole attempt to do it here and there. The Caucasians is through his music. John Coloration could? T have said it better, and his universe as saw through his music is for sure delightful and quick paced, and yet can be moderate and orderly. He had a fantastic ability, yet it is the sort of individual he was that makes his music so noteworthy. Tuning in to him one could come to accept he portions? T even know your there he Just plays his sentiments, his contemplations, his recollections, and we are given an image a window so to talk into his universe of strict commitment and his desires. For that numerous audience members and even Caucasians were dismissed feeling like he was an agitator who was creating nothing feels somewhere inside. Another method of putting that is state he was assaulted in light of the fact that he decided not to twist his ideas of music so as to suit the pre-conclusions and impediments of the crowds ear. In any case, for similar reasons others were attracted to that one of a kind style of music. His music was non political generally aside from Alabama, his tribute for four youthful dark young ladies murdered in the bombarding of the sixteenth Street Baptist Church in Birmingham.

Response to “Letter From a Birmingham Jail” Free Essays

Martin Luther King Jr. composed â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† in light of his individual white ministers who condemned his activities that landed him in prison. He utilized Biblical guides to show that his peaceful activities were essential for African Americans to push ahead in this nation. We will compose a custom exposition test on Reaction to â€Å"Letter From a Birmingham Jail† or then again any comparable point just for you Request Now This letter was principally coordinated to those strict pioneers who have the ability to take care of isolation however don’t. The reason for existing is to ideally get the reinforcement from incredible strict pioneers and end isolation. He imparts this message adequately to these men from his statements from Saint Paul and King Solomon which is lectured inside the places of worship of these strict pioneers. He likewise legitimizes his peaceful activity by contrasting it with â€Å"just† and â€Å"unjust† laws with one case of Hitler ( â€Å"We can always remember that everything Hitler did in Germany was â€Å"legal† and everything the Hungarian political dissidents did in Hungary was â€Å"illegal. † It was â€Å"illegal† to help and solace a Jew in Hitler’s Germany. †) Lord claims there is no better planning for something that has been at strife for a long time and that there was no bad behavior during this â€Å"sit-in. † He says in certainty, â€Å" We will arrive at the objective of opportunity in Birmingham and everywhere throughout the country, in light of the fact that the objective of America is opportunity. Manhandled and despised however we might be, our predetermination is tied up with the fate of America. Before the Pilgrims arrived at Plymouth, we were here. Before the pen of Jefferson scratched over the pages of history the magnificent expression of the Declaration of Independence, we were here †¦ On the off chance that the unspeakable savageries of subjection couldn't stop us, the resistance we presently face will without a doubt come up short. We will win our opportunity in light of the fact that the hallowed legacy of our country and the interminable will of God are encapsulated in our reverberating requests †¦ † Martin Luther King Jr. is requesting the assistance of the pastors so they can push ahead with Civil Rights. Mr. Ruler reproved the pastors saying,â€Å"The early Christians celebrated when they were considered qualified to languish over what they accepted. In those days the Church was not simply a thermometer that recorded the thoughts and standards of prominent sentiment; it was an indoor regulator that changed the mores of society. † He was encouraging them to go to bat for what they knew and accepted was correct similarly as the early Christian church had done even with execution. Martin Luther King Jr. utilized their conviction to convince them to see the correct way. Martin Luther King Jr. ‘s significant crowd is the ministers he is writing to. These men have the ability to change people’s minds but don't attempt. Lord gives such overpowering feeling when he contrasts the circumstance in Birmingham and Biblical circumstances, for example, this (obviously, there is nothing surprising about this sort of common defiance. It was seen greatly in the refusal of Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego to comply with the laws of Nebuchadnezzar on the grounds that a higher good law was included. It was rehearsed magnificently by the early Christians, who were happy to confront hungry lions and the horrifying torment of slashing squares before submitting to certain unfair laws of the Roman Empire. ) Using this statement he attempted to clarify by and by that occasionally to make the wisest decision you need to take risks that may appear to be off-base and might be marked as off-base. He is extremely proficient and respectful toward the starting which encourages the crowd to truly tune in to what he needs to state. At the point when he truly gets his point through is the point at which he slowly gets firmer and firmer all through the content yet simultaneously as yet being gracious. Lord depicts himself as one of the pastors, yet one that needs to conquer the numerous deterrents of the normal African American. He goes about as a companion but in the center of the letter he depicts the strict pioneers as an adversary that he expectations will rethink their situation on Civil Rights. Significant Quotes: â€Å"So I have attempted to clarify that it isn't right to utilize improper intends to accomplish moral closures. Be that as it may, presently I should avow that it is similarly as off-base, or considerably more in this way, to utilize moral intends to safeguard unethical finishes. † This statement implies that it isn't right to utilize strong techniques and brutality to get a decent consummation however it is similarly as awful to sit by and watch, sitting idle, while lewd activities are being made. â€Å"Injustice anyplace is a risk to equity all over the place. We are trapped in an unpreventable system of commonality, tied in a solitary piece of clothing of predetermination. Whatever influences one straightforwardly, influences all in a roundabout way. † Martin Luther King’s quote implies that regardless of whether you aren’t straightforwardly influenced by the present circumstance it will by one way or another return to incorporate you so the most ideal approach to deal with foul play is to dispose of it immediately and not let it influence anybody. †¦ it is corrupt to encourage a person to pull back his endeavors to pick up his essential protected rights on the grounds that the journey hastens brutality. Society must secure the ransacked and rebuff the looter. This statement debilitates the clergymens’ choice to kick back and do nothing about the developing issue of subjugation in Birmingham. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. was encouraging them to change the hearts of the individuals and networks they lectured. Mr. Lord accepted that society must secure the African Americans influenced by prejudice and rebuff the bigot. The most effective method to refer to Response to â€Å"Letter From a Birmingham Jail†, Papers

Martin Luther King Jr. Letter - 275 Words

Martin Luther King Jr. Letter (Essay Sample) Content: Name:Instructor:Course:Date:Letter from a Birmingham jailThis letter was written by Reverend Martin Luther King Jr. from inside a Birmingham prison where he was being held. He was responding to criticism shown by eight well known white clergy men. The clergy men criticized him for his actions which had led to his arrest and imprisonment. He had participated in a civil rights movement action which highlighted the treatment the blacks received from the white majority both in Birmingham and the rest of the United States.In the letter, King presents a well written argument which expresses his feelings towards the subhuman treatments accorded to the black population particularly in Birmingham where it was very prevalent. The then prevailing events in the United States were unfortunate and tragic. It was a time when segregation was openly promoted particularly through the Jim Crow Laws. These laws violated the important American spirit of equality for all men each being end owed with certain unalienable right.The letter expresses the predicament of a man who has tried every amicable means to fight for equality to all but fail miserably. He even goes to an extent of getting into an agreement with the white merchants to have all the humiliating racial sighs removed. He instead ends up being a victim of a broken promise as little or nothing is done to effect the agreement.At that point, it would not have been irrationa...

Hitler s Leadership Improved The German Economy - 1209 Words

â€Å"I don’t see why man can’t be just as cruel as nature† (Gavin 14). This is the mentality of the heartless founder/leader of National Socialism and Germany. Adolf Hitler is mainly known for the unforgivable deeds he committed throughout his dictatorship during World War Two in which he caused many great sufferings and deaths; ironically, his leadership improved the German economy. He was once a decorated war veteran of World War One but now is the most hated dictator of the twentieth century and arguable throughout human history. Hitler had a harsh childhood due to the large amount of deaths of his siblings and mother, which greatly affected him later in life. In the year of 1889, Hitler was born in Braunau, Austria on April twentieth. He was born into a large family of six children to the marriage of Alois Hitler at the age of fifty-one and Klara Polzl at the age of twenty-eight. Being the fourth, he looked up to his two brothers and sister; Alois, Edmund, a nd Paula. At six years old, Hitler’s father retired from his career as a customs official and relocated the family to Linz, Austria where he spent most of his childhood (UXL Bio). When his brother, Edmund died in 1990 Hitler became detached and introverted. His loss of interest in many activities caused him to become an insouciant student and eventually dropped out of high school at age sixteen. Being an educated businessman, his short-tempered father was full of rage when he heard his son threw away his education toShow MoreRelatedAdolf Hitler As A Leader Of Nazi Germany1677 Words   |  7 PagesAdolf Hitler once said â€Å"It is more difficult to fight against faith than against knowledge† (â€Å"30 Eye Catching Hitler Quotes.). In a dictatorship there is one ruler who is in charge of everything in the nation in which he/she rules. Adolf Hitler was born on April 20, 1889 in Braunau am Inn. 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Anti-Semitism, often called ï ¿ ¼ the longest hatred, ï ¿ ¼ is both an age-old problem and a current challenge. For centuries Jews have been accused of treacherous acts, including the murder of

Voltaires Candide and Goethes The Sorrows of Young Werther

Voltaires Candide and Goethes The Sorrows of Young Werther In the literary `movements of neo-classicism and romanticism, Voltaires Candide and Goethes The Sorrows of Young Werther represent the literary age in which they were written. In the following composition, textual evidence will be provided to demonstrate how each book accurately represents either the neo-classicism age or the romanticism age. Candide and The Sorrows of Young Werther will be examined separately, and then examined together. After, a discussion about how each age seems to view the nature of man and the significance of moral and spiritual values will be presented. Also, a personal interpretation of the conclusion of each book will be given. Lastly, quotes†¦show more content†¦When Candide was faced with the true reality about Pacquette and the monk, he was unable to accept that all was not well, `That sir...is one more misery of this way of life. Yesterday I was robbed and beaten by an officer, and to-day I must appear good humored to please a monk. This w as enough for Candide (Candide, 116). The second characteristic from the neo-classicism age that is present in Candide is Love=Sex. At the beginning of the book, Candides outlook on Cunegonde was purely physical, he found Lady Cunegonde extremely beautiful...Their lips met, their eyes flashed, their knees trembled, and their hands would not keep still (Candide, 20-21). By the end of the book, after searching for her the whole duration of the story, his outlook on Cunegonde has changed, Even the fond lover himself drew back aghast at seeing how weatherbeaten his lovely Cunegonde had become, for her eyes were bloodshot, her throat was wizened, her cheeks were wrinkled, and her arms were red and scaly (Candide, 137). It is plain to see that this love is only based on physical attraction, as opposed to spiritual. The third characteristic of the neo-classicism time period that is represented in Candide was the preference for an urbane, civilized society. In Candide, much of the setting takes place in an urban society, rathe r than rural society. He has been to all sorts of civilized towns and neighborhoods, such

Death Speech †a Streetcar Named Desire Essay Sample free essay sample

Blanche’s decease address plays a critical function in the development of the drama â€Å"A Streetcar named Desire† . In the soliloquy the tenseness between Blanche and Stella comes to a zenith as Blanch explodes with fury as she expresses her jealousy-driven feelings to Stella. In making so Blanche reveals much more. including her unstable mental province. her emotional reaction to the doomed of Belle Reve. and most significantly her preoccupation with the subject of decease. One of the functions of this extract is to supply the background towards understanding Blanche. and the justifications for her mental province and actions. It is apparent that in the past she belonged to a higher category where extravagancy was common. But when her household in Belle Reve bit by bit died off. non merely did she hold to see the hurting of losing her loved 1s. but she was besides left with no money or fiscal assistance to maintain the estate and finally was forced to allow it travel. We will write a custom essay sample on Death Speech – a Streetcar Named Desire Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Blanche defends herself by figuratively stating that the inexorable harvester put up his collapsible shelter right on her doorsill and that is how â€Å"it slipped through my ( Blanche’s ) fingers† . She even goes on to impeach Stella of covering with the crisis by â€Å"ignoring† it and traveling on. hence go forthing Blanche to cover with an intolerable load. This is most obvious when she rhetorically asks Stella. â€Å"I allow the topographic point travel? † This quotation mark aids in taking the audience to comprehend that it was Stella that let the estate travel by non seeking to assist the state of affairs. To stress her point Blanche brings up the sarcasm of her being â€Å"at the bed when they ( her household ) cried out hold me† while reprobating Stella for being â€Å"In bed with your ( Stella ) – Polak. † During the address there are legion indicants that prove Blanche was profoundly hurt by her experience at Belle Reve. First. the apparently unneeded long account in itself demonstrates the importance of Belle Reve to Blanche. Second. the defeat and choler she expresses with Stella high spots the importance of their place to her. Throughout the piece Blanche repeats words and phrases many times underscoring her rage. For illustration. at the get downing she says. â€Å"I. I. I† . in the in-between she utters â€Å"I proverb. Proverb! Proverb! † and in the terminal cries â€Å"I allow the topographic point go! . I let the topographic point travel? † Third. it seems as if Blanche is impeaching Stella of faulting her for losing Belle Reve when in the book Stella merely asks about what happened. This becomes clear when Blanche reproaches Stella by stating her: â€Å"And you sit there stating me with your eyes that I let the topographic point go† and â€Å"Yes accuse me! Sit and stare at me believing I let the topographic point go! † This kind of assumptive attitude and thought influences the reader to presume that Blanche is unable to allow travel. In add-on when Blanche says â€Å"I took the blows in my face and body†¦Farther. Margret. Mother†¦had to be burnt like rubbish† she is besides straight conveying her torment. It is clear that Tennessee Williams carefully crafted this specific address to present the subject of decease. of which is recurrent in the class of the drama. He makes certain to depict the desolation of holding to cover with decease through Blanche. â€Å"Funerals are quiet but deaths- non always† . â€Å"Sometimes they even cry out to you. ‘Don’t allow me go’† . â€Å"Unless you were at that place at the bed when they cried out ‘Hold me’ you would neer surmise there was a battle for breath and breathing† . and â€Å"Why the Grim Reaper set up his collapsible shelter on our doorstep† are some quotation marks that specifically and deeply associate to the topic of Death. After reading these quotation marks and cognizing that Tennessee Williams suffered from hypochondria ( a misanthropic fright of decease and diseases ) . one could decode that Blanche’s mentality in this instance is about an emulation of the dramatist himself. Due to the construction of the address one could deduce that the organic structure linguistic communication of Blanche goes from heartache to anger to resentment and once and for all to gross out as she ends with that derogatory word – â€Å"Polak† . As you can see Williams smartly structures this one address to portray and supply tonss of valuable information about Blanche’s current province and past life ; this in bend foreshadows her inner and external struggles as the book progresses.

Simulation in Marketing

High priority issues Falling sales – The issue is a newly opened store next door offering better products, simulation is done by analyzing impact of having a new item with variety of uses and the old item on the other hand you are used to and determine what you will prefer. The supervisor should shop in the new store and get to see how they are doing things differently and we will work at a strategy of giving better service and market our new services.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Simulation in Marketing specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Reduced sales will result from lack of proper advertising or it could result from deliberate attempts from employees to chase customers due to lack of motivation. Simulation is done by thinking like a customer while budgeting and carrying out purchases and the kind of service expected or received in the past. Mostly, one will go for high-tech products like internet gadg ets. The company should carry out advertising and product promotions to push the sales of the music systems but stock the items needed by the consumers. However, if such products have demand in other store, they can be marketed there and if possible sent there. About the new store, we should stock highly moving items-internet related items, offer after sales customer care and do aggressive advertising. Product promotions as well will help push the sales. Simulation will be carried out by putting in stock newly manufactured internet gadgets and the normal music theatres, then ask a client to choose what one likes to take for free, most will go for he first option and that should be stocked more. The market trends speak louder, customers of electronics want to be given variety so they can compare and choose what they want to use. We will give them many products under one roof so they can choose that which they want, simulation is done by having two stores, one stocked by same products , and another store by a variety of same products for comparison, the store with variety will attract more purchasers than in the first store. A working and stable WAN is very crucial in the stores operations. Management should make it a priority to install a reliable WAN so as to help coordinate the system’s stores and do sales real-time. Lower priority issues Attrition: Employees could leave because of many reasons ranging from lack of motivation to work, low salary and the excitement of working for a new store. Simulation is done by analyzing level of satisfaction at work in relation to the best working environment within the locality and what can lead to employee turnover. Management should contact the leaving employees to know reasons for their leaving and try to remedy this to avert more employee turnover. Some incentives may be introduced in due process.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 1 5% OFF Learn More Disability laws are essential since they give the disabled a chance to buy from us or work at the company. Simulation is done by working on a small wooden structure showing current access routes and another for proposed access routes and check how possible it will be using a wheelchair in both cases. It is essential to close down during off-season and work on the disability access ways to capture the purchases of the disabled. There is change of consumer preferences, simulation will be done by analyzing what as an individual you need and that is what the consumer needs given a certain level of income, the manager should work with speed to stock more internet products and increase advertising of the music systems in stock so as to help sell them. Complaints about Shauna being petty, simulation is done by assuming Shauna is not our employee, how will employees carry out duties differently from how they work now and if they will relax on duties compared to cu rrent scenario, a management decision will be made effectively whether congratulate Shauna or make her realize her mistakes. If employees are not satisfied, they may not work excellently, simulation is carried out by giving employees a chance to choose higher salary with high responsibilities or lower salary with fewer responsibilities and all will go for the more responsibilities. They should be taught how to grow on the corporate ladder, enjoy the good benefits instead of worrying dissatisfied. This report on Simulation in Marketing was written and submitted by user S0l0 to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Nathaniel Hawthorne

The Allegorical Nathaniel Hawthorne For my research, I chose Nathaniel Hawthorne. The three short stories I read were, The Minister’s Black Veil, Young Goodman Brown, and Dr. Heidegger’s Experiment. I think that Nathaniel Hawthorne’s stories are interesting. The three that I read all had allegory and symbolism in them. All of the stories include some characteristic of death. Nathaniel Hawthorne’s stories seem to reply mainly about religion and the teaching of a lesson. In The Minister’s Black Veil, I noticed a lot of allegory and symbolism. Th main character, Mr. Hooper, seems to be based upon a real person that Nathaniel Hawthorne must of read about. The black veil over the minister’s face symbolizes a secret that he isn’t afraid to show anymore. The minister is testing his closest friends and loved ones to see if they are trust worthy of him when he starts to wear the veil. When he starts wearing the veil, everyone shuns him and talks about him. Somehow, the death of a young woman seems to be the reason for him to be wearing the veil, according to some of the town’s people. They think that he may have had something to do with her death, and that was his way to show it by wearing the black veil for the first time the day of her funeral. Everyone seems terrified of him with the veil on, but he cant figure out why. It isn’t until the wedding of a couple that he notices how dreary the veil really looks on him when he looks in the mirror at the reception. When his fiancà ©e asks him to take off the veil and he says no so she leaves him, which leaves the minister alone with no one to comfort him. Th town’s men and women treat him as an outcast and will not socialize with the minister any longer. On his deathbed, he realizes that Elizabeth had always loved him, even after she left him, and was faithful to him through all the years. When he is asked to remove his veil, he tells Reverend Clark no. H... Free Essays on Nathaniel Hawthorne Free Essays on Nathaniel Hawthorne Nathaniel Hawthorne’s novel, The Scarlet Letter is based on the puritanical custom of affixing a giant red, letter â€Å"A† to anybody that committed adultery. The novel centers on the adulterous Puritan Hester Prynne. Throughout the novel, she loyally refuses to reveal the name of her partner. The novel is generally regarded as Hawthorne’s masterpiece and as one of the classics of American literature. However, it also reflects the typical, partriarchical attitude of both puritan society and of contemporary society. For instance, even the definition of the word, â€Å"Scarlet† carries with it sexist connotations. Scarlet as defined in Webster’s New World Dictionary is â€Å"sinful, specifically whorish† (Webster 532). In sum, the main plot of the novel is this: Hester Prynne is a women living in seventeenth-century New England. She is convicted of committing adultery. At the beginning of the novel, Hester is forced to wear a scarlet letter, A, on her dress as a sign of her guilt. She steadfastly refuses to reveal the identity of her adulterous partner. However, her husband eventually realizes who her lover is and takes revenge on him. Eventually, her dying lover publicly admits his part in the adultery. Primarily the novel centers on the theme of woman as seductress, woman as seducer. Again, this theme seems to harken back to the same stereotypical and sexist notions of woman as either Madonna or whore. Regardless of the fact that her lover ultimately is punished for his sins as well, it is Hester who is portrayed as the one to blame for his â€Å"fall.† In the novel, the public confession of her lover, Dimmesdale, the â€Å"sinful† priest seems to absolve him of his sins by making such a public confession. The same is not true for Hester. She is doomed at the end of the book to live a life full of loneliness and denial, and in no way does she come close to obtaining the freedom and love that she had desired. It seems as though... Free Essays on Nathaniel Hawthorne Nathaniel Hawthorne’s â€Å"Young Goodman Brown,† widely regarded as one of his finest works, illustrates vividly how society and culture can influence one‘s sense of reality (53 ). Goodman Brown is everyman of general intelligence striving to live and achieve a better life (60 ). Faith and righteousness were daily themes in Puritan society, however when Goodman Brown faces change in his perception, the once solid foundation is washed away. The journey into the wilderness enlightens Brown to societal truths amidst his struggle within himself and against fellow men. It is a dreaded walk on the dark side of the human heart (26 ). Consuming most of Hawthorne’s tale is a test of faith. For three months Brown has been married to a young woman symbolizing his faith (60 ). She even carries this name and lets her role in the story tie to that aspect of her husband’s life. Brown calls for his wife three times as he stands before the devil at the alter. Goodman then cries, â€Å"My Faith is gone.†(9 ) As Brown is drawn into the deepest shadows of the forest and enters the devils sacred service, Hawthorne dramatizes his feeling that once commitment to evil has been made, its purpose must prevail by securing a shelf in Goodman’s soul. There is no struggle of power to oppose it and in this tale the power is so unequal that Faith, supposedly the Devil’s antagonist, is drawn into the camp of the enemy (11 ). She appears at the service as a baptismal candidate along with Goodman, a faint insinuation that Faith has her own covenant with the Devil. This also suggests that her complicity may be prior to and deeper than Brown’s, as Faith could’ve played a role in the path of her husband (12 ). Her possible involvement then brings on a submerged irony in the manner in which Faith comes to meet Goodman when he returns to the village, as if she had not been present in the forest. She greets him in a manner inn... Free Essays on Nathaniel Hawthorne Nathaniel Hawthorne Hawthorne’s â€Å"Rap puccini’s Daughter† is a timeless short story that still easily applies to common fears of today. Like in Mary Shelly’s Frankenstein, Hawthorne uses literature to address the fascination many of us have with science verses religion. When Hawthorne describes Rappuccini’s creations in the garden, our imaginations could compare the likenesses to his daughter as well. He states, â€Å"Several, also, would have shocked a delicate instinct by an appearance of artificialness, indicating that there had been such commixture, and, as it were, adultery of various vegetable species, that the production was no longer of God’s making, but monstrous offspring of man depraved fancy, growing with only an evil mockery of beauty† (1296). In this description Hawthorne points out that Rappuccini has destroyed the boundaries of science by acting as a God-like figure. Rappuccini’s creations are evil concoctions that only illus trate his dark genius instead of a father’s or creator’s love. Hawthorne uses Beatrice as a symbol of Rappuccini’s obsessive love of science while also using her words to tell the reader the seriousness of his condition. Hawthorne write, â€Å"...and at the hour when I first drew breath, this plant sprang from the soil, the offspring of his science, of his intellect, while I was but his earthly child† (1303). In her comment Beatrice points out that her father’s love for manipulating nature far surpasses any love or connection he feels with his daughter. The evil science has consumed his personality and destroyed his humanity. In short, Hawthorne seems to be addressing the public to warn them about the dangers of excessive science. He seems to believe that the realm of God and God’s creations should not be manipulated by man. If we allow ourselves to become consumed with controlling nature, our evil creations will in a sense backfire and ruin even the best intentio... Free Essays on Nathaniel Hawthorne Although â€Å"The Birthmark† by Nathaniel Hawthorne was written in the mid-1800s, its themes and ideas are still a part of society today. The 19th century was a time of change, just as this, the millennium, is a time of great change. Hawthorne’s ideas about science, beauty, and life still play a major part in our lives, despite many improvements. Even today, people try to play â€Å"God† and change things that nature has put in place. It’s human curiosity; how much can be changed, how many things can be perfected? The themes in this short story religion, gender, and sciencewere relevant in Hawthorne’s day, and still are many years later. The theme of religion is hidden in the desire to erase the birthmark. In trying to â€Å"perfect† Georgiana, Aylmer is testing God’s creation. He doesn’t believe that how God created Georgiana is perfect, and he is obsessive about making her his idea of perfection. Aminadab, Aylmer’s ser vant, tries to tell his master to leave the birthmark alone. He tells Aylmer that if Georgiana were his wife, he wouldn’t worry about something so trivial. However, the scientific ideas on Aylmer’s mind won’t let him forget the birthmark. He believes he can remove it with the help of science. Even so, science has no part in creation, according to Hawthorne, and Georgiana’s death after the removal of the birthmark signifies that theory. Her death is Hawthorne’s way of showing that judgment and perfection are God’s dutiesnot man’s. In today’s society we still battle this idea; is perfection attainable through science? Maybe people think so- thousands have cosmetic surgery performed every year as a way of trying to make themselves more beautiful. Religion has taken a step back in society today, so the significance of perfection by God has also been moved to the back burner. But, underlying all the surgeries performed today, is the question: Is it right to change what was given to you by God?... Free Essays on Nathaniel Hawthorne The Allegorical Nathaniel Hawthorne For my research, I chose Nathaniel Hawthorne. The three short stories I read were, The Minister’s Black Veil, Young Goodman Brown, and Dr. Heidegger’s Experiment. I think that Nathaniel Hawthorne’s stories are interesting. The three that I read all had allegory and symbolism in them. All of the stories include some characteristic of death. Nathaniel Hawthorne’s stories seem to reply mainly about religion and the teaching of a lesson. In The Minister’s Black Veil, I noticed a lot of allegory and symbolism. Th main character, Mr. Hooper, seems to be based upon a real person that Nathaniel Hawthorne must of read about. The black veil over the minister’s face symbolizes a secret that he isn’t afraid to show anymore. The minister is testing his closest friends and loved ones to see if they are trust worthy of him when he starts to wear the veil. When he starts wearing the veil, everyone shuns him and talks about him. Somehow, the death of a young woman seems to be the reason for him to be wearing the veil, according to some of the town’s people. They think that he may have had something to do with her death, and that was his way to show it by wearing the black veil for the first time the day of her funeral. Everyone seems terrified of him with the veil on, but he cant figure out why. It isn’t until the wedding of a couple that he notices how dreary the veil really looks on him when he looks in the mirror at the reception. When his fiancà ©e asks him to take off the veil and he says no so she leaves him, which leaves the minister alone with no one to comfort him. Th town’s men and women treat him as an outcast and will not socialize with the minister any longer. On his deathbed, he realizes that Elizabeth had always loved him, even after she left him, and was faithful to him through all the years. When he is asked to remove his veil, he tells Reverend Clark no. H... Free Essays on Nathaniel Hawthorne Many people have had an effect on this country. The reason for this lies in our country’s youth. The United States formed at a time when technological advancements allowed many more people to leave a legacy in its dawning. These advancements led to a creation of literary history. I find it hard to say one person had a larger effect on anything than anyone else, but some people do seem to stand out more than others. In helping to form, or even by just translating how others helped to form this country, authors were able to compile a great deal of literature. This literature has left us a way to learn about our history and many of the important people in it. One of these important people, whom also happened to be an author, was Nathaniel Hawthorne. He wrote about his own experiences, including his observations of other people’s experiences. His life led him to the right places at the right times. Today anybody can pick up his works and take from them the knowledge of what it was like to live during his times. Anyone who reads his work inherits just a little bit of his style into their own writing. There is so much of his own work, on top of so much work pertaining to him, in this world that it is hard for him not to have made an impact on it. He has served as a translator, taking in the influences of his time and especially the people of his time, to in turn influence the future. Nathaniel Hathorne was born July 4, 1804, in Salem, Massachusetts. Here alone is where he gained much of his influence, both through his family’s history, as well as in his own time. Much of his persona can be understood by knowing some facts of his life. His father died, while at sea, of yellow fever in 1808. Due to a leg injury in 1813 Nathaniel was unable to attend school and was thus home taught by Joseph Worcester for a short time. In 1819 he attended Samuel Archer’s School, in preparation for college. In 1820 he was tutored by Benjamin Oliver. ...

Leadership Theories and Roles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Leadership Theories and Roles - Essay Example Clearly, all true leaders have a high degree of intelligence, a great IQ, and above all, an outstanding level of technical skills (Early, 2005). This has caused the difference in the output of leaders within the same locality. However, for leaders to understand their full potential of intelligence they must also consider other people’s strengths and personal skills in an organization. Revival of concept in leadership has further explained different types of leadership theories. For example, there are those known as great man theories. They give assumption that, the capacity and length of leadership is inherent. It ascribes leadership as in-born but not made. Such explanation tend to picture leadership as heroic or mythic and those people destined to lead arise to leadership roles when needed or in due time. Giving into account, analysts use the term great man because there was a time when leadership was primarily a masculine quality, precisely in military leadership. As far as Richard Branson leadership is concerned, he depicts great man theory traits throughout his leadership. In his Virgin group, there are other great leaders but he surpasses them because he is a great man and above all, he was born a leader. Other potential theories that analysts use to define a leader are trait theories. ... Even though there are no articles explaining Branson’s line of decency, it is not arguable whether his ability to lead is inherent. Cognitively, in his organizational work, he addresses his ability to lead through interacting with all his employees, listening to their views and subsequently noting them in his notebook that he has at all times. With his ability to lead, he was able to form, manage, and lead the Virgin group that has more than two hundred companies. In addition, there is the contingency theory that focuses on variables that relate to the environment that help identify and choose the type and style of leadership that can best suit a particular situation. This theory explains that there is no leadership style is best in all environments or situations (Mclntosh, & University, 2007). However, it develops criteria that shows success depends on several variables such as leadership style, skills, and qualities of followers and aspects of the environment. In view of gre at leadership portrayed by Branson, I on the other hand would incorporate a different form of stages that would render his leadership best of all times. There is forming which is the first phase of leadership stages, then storming, norming and finally performing while in development of group model. These stages help in facing and tackling challenges, finding solutions and planning work as well as delivering results. Moreover, analysts have found it worth noting an arena that proposes the way leaders choose the most appropriate course of action based on situational variables surrounding a certain environment. In so doing, they termed this theory characterized by such actions as situational theory. With the evaluation of other

Sports Laws and Anti-Doping Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Sports Laws and Anti-Doping - Essay Example The paper gives detailed information about individuals who find difficult to adjust to the set rules hence apply dubious methods to achieve success. Some, however, have gone against the set policies in their attempts to curb certain impairments that may have been experienced during their career to lead them down career failures. A country may, however, possess a power to intervene into some decisions that these institutions make especially if they affect the welfare of decisions made in the sport or go against specific sport law provisions. Doping in sport is an entity that various countries have made attempts to eradicate and anti-doping organization have been formed where sports men/women are controlled to inhibit the heinous practice. Doping has been witnessed in various instances where an athlete uses various ability enhancing substances to achieve their success. The specific body that controls the sport normally passes judgment on the implication of doping. However, there may be provisions that may involve the government to interfere with certain decision in their attempts to protect their citizens. The independent bodies may be internationally formed, for example, FIFA, which oversee the football affairs across the globe. Inside FIFA, there are certain provisions that limit the actions of the country’s government to interfere with their affairs. Though independent there have been attempts to limit the restrictions of the independent tribunals, especially evident rulings on doping cases. Sports Laws and Anti-Doping Sporting activities have grown famous among individuals over the past few decades and has seen many individuals growing into becoming perfectionist in their specific talented area. Many venture into sport for fun and articulate it as being a leisure activity. However, recent statistics has shown that the sport industry is increasingly becoming commercialized with many individuals not only entering the event for fame but for the financial packages that the modern sports entail (Aketch, 2008). The athletes have applied their talent to gain the favor to apply the sporting activities as a source of livelihood and the majorities have grown up without accessing any form of education to substitute their trade. The financial entity of the sport industry has driven the majority of sport personnel to cheat and apply doping techniques to advance in their career. The rule in any sporting activity is to be the best among competitor and therefore through applying various skill advancing methods, many have gained favor to advance before their rivals. However, there have been massive anti-doping measures that have rooted out the course of this action singling individuals with drug addiction problems and still participate in the sport. These actions have led to a lack in interest from most fans with the majority losing favor towards their once known excelling competitors. This eventually leads to a lack in interest and favor towards the sport. There has since emerged various sport organizations to promote the eradication of doping and unfair play. Examples are FIFA and IOC that oversee the actions in football and Olympics respectively. These organizations share no relation or any form of direct influence from national law and have set their own independent rules that members must follow to gain merit in participating

The Status Quo Essay Example for Free

The Status Quo Essay In Howard Zinn’s book, Passionate Declarations: Essays on War and Justice, Chapter 1 entitled, â€Å"Introduction: American Ideology,† begins with a discussion of a few instances in history where groups of people believed that other races and social classes were inferior to others (Zinn 1). The end result of these instances was that many, if not all, of the inferior people were killed (Zinn 1). From these occurrences, Zinn concludes that our thinking does not merely spark debates, but ultimately is a variable of life and death (Zinn 1). He also believes that although we live in a democratic country, the ideas of ethical behavior that were formulated by our forefathers has condemned us to accept them as right, without questioning why they are right (Zinn 3). These ideas were not framed by a group of conspirators, nor were they accidental; these ideas were a result of natural selection in which ideas were encouraged, financed, and pushed forward by those who were in power or by those who had great influence on the general public (Zinn 3). Although these beliefs were written off as correct, Zinn believes that if we decide to reexamine these beliefs, and see that they are not â€Å"natural† ideas, we have come to a major turning point: we are examining and confronting American ideology (Zinn 5). These ideas that are expressed in â€Å"Introduction: American Ideology,† are very sound because they help me to see why it is important to challenge the status quo. If I sit back and just allow people to feed me information about one fact or another, and I just absorb it all in, then I may not really be formulating my own beliefs, but accepting someone else’s. There should be a deeper meaning to what I believe further than what someone has dictated to me to be correct. I should ask intuitive questions about why someone views something as correct, and by that process, I might begin to clearly see their idea as acceptable. Oftentimes, many people, including myself, suppress what they believe in because as Zinn mentioned, these dissenting ideas are most often drowned in criticism because they are outside of the â€Å"acceptable or popular choices† (Zinn 4). By doing this, those who believe that their idea is right, maintain power. In a real world example, you may be hanging out with a group of friends at a party when all of a sudden, your friends start smoking marijuana. Everyone but you is an avid believer that smoking it is cool, and is acceptable because everyone else is doing it. You have never smoked marijuana a day in your life, but under the circumstances, you fall into peer pressure when a joint is passed your way. In this instance, you know you believe that smoking marijuana is wrong, but you suppress your beliefs since every single one of your friends is doing it, and by speaking up, your belief will most definitely be covered in criticism. The end result is that your group of friends maintains power over you, and will find it that much easier to influence you to smoke marijuana again. Metaphorically speaking, a great representation of how Zinn portrays the ideas of those in command is through â€Å"weeds.† A weed is a plant that overtakes the area in which it is located. Once it begins to grow, unless someone is willing to take the time to go and remove it from the area, it remains there. Likewise, the ideas that are seen in â€Å"Introduction: American Ideology,† are like weeds because they are established and passed off as right to the general public. Once these ideas are in place, they are hard to get rid of, even if many people dissent them. It must then take a strong group of people to try to â€Å"uproot† the ideas, and replace them with what the public believes is right. Moving forward, I can use the information that I have written about and apply it to my own life. I should begin to feel comfortable in challenging what I do not believe in, rather than being neutral about the issue because as Zinn mentions, in this day and age that we live in, neutrality is seen as a sign of acceptance in the way things are now (Zinn 7). I now see that I should begin to be my own self, and not just another grain of sand on the beach, living by the status quo. Works Cited Zinn, Howard. Passionate Declarations: Essays on War and Justice. New York: HarperCollins, 2003. Print.

Christopher Columbus :: Christopher Columbus Essays

Columbus was a great explorer and a tremendous benefit to the world. Instead of listing his down sides, we should concentrate on all the things he has accomplished. Because of Columbus people live longer, achieved something many people would not have dared to do at his time, and today the world population is spread out throughout the world. For this, he should be celebrated for the great person that he was.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  First of all, because Columbus discovered the New World people now live 1/3 longer than they did during his time. Columbus’ breakthrough led the world into an agricultural revolution. As the supply of food increased, the health of the world also increased. As a result, people began to live longer. Today the population has multiplied ten times in the past 150 years. This all happened because of Columbus and his findings. We would not be as healthy human beings if were not for him.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Secondly, even though Columbus may have done things that are considered cruel, he was able to do something that no one else could and he did it with primitive equipment. He was able to find his way to the New World and back to Spain using only a compass, and astrolabe. He did have caravel ships with Lateen sail, but it was a miracle that he did what he did. Columbus was accused of cruelty to animals and humans, but so was everyone else at his time. Just like today everyone goes to school, everyone in Columbus’ time was cruel. Yes, Columbus wanted to enslave the Native Americans, but other people also wanted to enslave Africans. He should not be condemned because he was a man of his time when he was able to do so many great things.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  More over, without Columbus’ courage, we would all be living in Europe. Thanks to him, mankind is distributed throughout the entire world. Life would be a lot different if we were crowded, living in Europe. Now we have the Americas to spread out in. Yes, we may have taken the land from other people, but that is life. You have to protect your land if you want to keep it. Plus, the Native Americans should have to share the land. They have enough for themselves. People in Europe should not have to live like herds of cattle just so that the Native Americans can have their land.

American life Essay

Lorraine Hansberry’s 1959 play A Raisin in the Sun reflects the cultural context in which it was created, reflecting crucial changes in American life. In particular, it reflects the American mainstream’s new tolerance for civil rights and African Americans’ rising aspirations, but it also inspired a great deal of criticism from black leftist intellectuals for paying too little attention to black issues and focusing too much on integration. The play tells the story of the Younger family, who still live in their dilapidated Chicago apartment long after they migrated north and dream of improving their lives. Mama, the old-school matriarch, fulfills her late husband’s dream of buying a home, using his insurance money for a house in all-white Clyborne Park. (Her aspirations and actions seem modest, but they are rather bold for the time and imply the older generation’s wisdom. ) Her grown son Walter dreams of making a fortune but loses the family’s savings, though he redeems himself by deciding the family should move despite white neighbors’ disapproval. Ruth, his wife, is bitter but believes in Walter’s dreams and stands by him despite his faults. Beneatha, Walter’s flighty younger sister, is the most comical character; a college student aiming to become a doctor, she seeks her identity through two different suitors – rich, effete George Murchison (Hansberry’s symbol for affluent blacks’ pretensions) and Nigerian Joseph Asagai (who inspires Beneatha to reconnect with her heritage). It draws partly from Hansberry’s own experience regarding integration. Born into an affluent black family in 1930, Hansberry moved at age eight with her parents to Chicago’s Woodlawn neighborhood, then a white, middle-class enclave; he parents had to wage a long legal battle to move there, resulting in a Supreme Court decision that allowed racial covenants in housing. Like her family, the Youngers in A Raisin in the Sun face white neighbors who claim good intentions but try to discourage blacks from moving into the neighborhood. The family sees through Karl Lindner’s false friendliness, and Beneatha comments, â€Å"He said everybody ought learn to sit down and hate each other with good Christian fellowship† (Hansberry 107). The play appeared during a crucial phase of the civil rights movement, only five years after the Brown decision outlawed segregated facilities and only two years after the tense integration of Little Rock’s Central High School. Though the movement’s best-known campaigns focused on the South, author Mark Newman illustrates that the NAACP waged a long, successful campaign focused mainly on ending unwritten segregation and promoting integration in the North, especially Chicago (Newman 44). Indeed, Chicago was the site of extensive race riots in public housing in 1953 (Hanley et al 316), and in the 1960s Martin Luther King tried but failed to get Chicago’s neighborhoods to end their de facto segregation and stop driving out prospective black residents. Hansberry demonstrates that integration in the North was still a challenge, especially when the antagonists were not violent but superficially genial, like the Lindner character, who proposes a buyout and tells the Youngers, â€Å"I want you to believe me when I tell you that race prejudice simply doesn’t enter into it† (Hansberry 104), when it certainly does. When their meeting ends, Lindner’s words – â€Å"I hope you know what you’re getting into† (Hansberry 138) – betray his true feelings and perhaps those of Northern whites in general, who often favored integration but had patronizing attitudes and did not want black neighbors. In this, Hansberry launches a subtle but nonetheless clear attack on white hypocrisy. She also comments on the different facets of black society, which have different aims at this crucial time in their history. Mama has the most modest aspirations but also the most common sense; her simple, realistic desire for a home is both conservative and radical, since it involves integration, then the civil rights movement’s chief aim, though Mama is by no means militant. Walter, though fiery and impractical, sees her point of view after his own dream fails and takes a stand, refusing to defer Mama’s dream and telling Lindner they will move to Clyborne Park regardless â€Å"because my father – my father – he earned it† (Hansberry 138). The dream is Mama’s, but she and Walter together refuse to defer it any longer and act boldly. Meanwhile, Beneatha – the most comic character for her flightiness – represents younger, ambitious blacks’ efforts to find themselves. Studying to be a doctor, she rejects her mother’s traditional beliefs and dates two men who represent black youths’ aims. On one hand, George Murchison represents the black bourgeoisie, of whom Beneatha says, â€Å"[The] only people in the world who are more snobbish than rich white people are rich colored people† (Hansberry 34). Instead, she seeks her identity through Joseph Asagai, a Nigerian fellow student whose comment, â€Å"Assimilationism is so popular in your country† (Hansberry 48), makes her look away from integration as an answer. Walter, always humoring his sister, tells her, â€Å"You know, when the New Negroes have their convention . . . [you are] going to be the chairman of the Committee on Unending Agitation† (Hansberry 98). Though white audience hailed the play, black intellectuals did not receive it with equal regard. Writing in 1963, social critic Harold Cruse (a leftist who opposed integration in favor of Malcolm X-style separatism) excoriated Hansberry for catering to white liberals’ sensibilities, claiming she wanted to â€Å"assuage the commercial theater’s liberal guilt† and calling A Raisin in the Sun â€Å"a good old-fashioned, home-spun saga of some good working-class folk in pursuit of the American dream . . . in [whites’] fashion† (Cruse 278). In addition, he claimed Hansberry had an â€Å"essentially quasi-white orientation through which she visualizes the Negro world† (Cruse 283) and believed her not militant enough. Indeed, scholar Richard King claims that the play was part of a greater social context in which â€Å"cultural, racial, and religious differences were downplayed or denied in postwar America† (King 4). He claims that Hansberry downplayed her own characters’ blackness to the same degree that The Diary of Anne Frank downplayed its characters’ Jewish identity, and that Hansberry and others like her were â€Å"advocating the integrationist vision and falling prey . . . to ‘misapplied internationalism’† (King 273). However, Hansberry explores the black community’s different attitudes, rendering these criticisms ill applied. Though she was by no means militant and hailed from an affluent background, she experienced integration first-hand and knew it was not an easy sell-out (as the militant Cruse claimed). Instead, according to black scholar Jacqueline Bobo, Hansberry aimed to fight American popular culture’s still-prevalent negative black stereotypes and claimed in 1961, â€Å"I did not feel it was my right or duty to help present the American public with yet another latter-day minstrel show† (Bobo et al 184); instead, she wanted to present characters with dignity, intelligence, and genuine aspirations, which in 1959 was still a bold effort. The play is not militant, but neither does it whitewash its characters. A Raisin in the Sun is more than simply a play about a black family moving out of the ghetto; it reflects the social and cultural context of its time. It embraces the civil rights movement’s integrationist aims and reminds the audience that the Youngers’ move will not be easy, and it comments on black society’s conflicting outlooks while avoiding stereotypes. While it did not take a militant extreme by countering white racism with a racism of its own, it reflects a greater American context in which ending segregation was still a struggle, but one which the American mainstream supported and aspired to achieve (to varying degrees). REFERENCES Bobo, Jacqueline, Cynthia Hudley, and Claudine Michel, eds. The Black Studies Reader. New York: Routledge, 2004. Cruse, Harold. The Crisis of the Negro Intellectual. New York: William Morrow, 1967. Hanley, Sharon, Stephen Middleton, and Charlotte M. Stokes, eds. , The African American Experience. Englewood Cliffs NJ: Globe, 1992. Hansberry, Lorraine. A Raisin in the Sun. New York: Random House, 1959. King, Richard H. Race, Culture, and the Intellectuals, 1940-1970. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2004. Newman, Mark. The Civil Rights Movement. Westport CT: Praeger, 2004.

Amy Lowell American Poet and Imagist

Known for: promoted Imagist school of poetryOccupation: poet, critic, biographer, socialistDates: February 9, 1874 - May 12, 1925 Amy Lowell Biography Amy Lowell didnt become a poet until she was years into her adulthood; then, when she died early, her poetry (and life) were nearly forgotten -- until gender studies as a discipline began to look at women like Lowell as illustrative of an earlier lesbian culture. She lived her later years in a Boston marriage and wrote erotic love poems addressed to a woman. T. S. Eliot called her the demon saleswoman of poetry. Of herself, she said, God made me a businesswoman and I made myself a poet. Background Amy Lowell was born to wealth and prominence. Her paternal grandfather, John Amory Lowell, developed the cotton industry of Massachusetts with her maternal grandfather, Abbott Lawrence. The towns of Lowell and Lawrence, Massachusetts, are named for the families. John Amory Lowells cousin was the poet James Russell Lowell. Amy was the youngest child of five. Her eldest brother, Percival Lowell, became an astronomer in his late 30s and founded Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, Arizona. He discovered the canals of Mars. Earlier hed written two books inspired by his travels to Japan and the Far East. Amy Lowells other brother, Abbott Lawrence Lowell, became president of Harvard University. The family home was called Sevenels for the Seven Ls or Lowells. Amy Lowell was educated there by an English governess until 1883, when she was sent to a series of private schools. She was far from a model student. During vacations, she traveled with her family to Europe and to Americas west. In 1891, as a proper young lady from a wealthy family, she had her debut. She was invited to numerous parties, but did not get the marriage proposal that the year was supposed to produce. A university education was out of the question for a Lowell daughter, although not for the sons. So Amy Lowell set about educating herself, reading from the 7,000 volume library of her father and also taking advantage of the Boston Athenaeum. Mostly she lived the life of a wealthy socialite. She began a lifelong habit of book collecting. She accepted a marriage proposal, but the young man changed his mind and set his heart on another woman. Amy Lowell went to Europe and Egypt in 1897-98 to recover, living on a severe diet that was supposed to improve her health (and help with her increasing weight problem). Instead, the diet nearly ruined her health. In 1900, after her parents had both died, she bought the family home, Sevenels. Her life as a socialite continued, with parties and entertaining. She also took up the civic involvement of her father, especially in supporting education and libraries. Early Writing Efforts Amy had enjoyed writing, but her efforts at writing plays didnt meet with her own satisfaction. She was fascinated by the theater. In 1893 and 1896, she had seen performances by the actress Eleanora Duse. In 1902, after seeing Duse on another tour, Amy went home and wrote a tribute to her in blank verse -- and, as she later said, I found out where my true function lay. She became a poet -- or, as she also later said, made myself a poet. By 1910, her first poem was published in Atlantic Monthly, and three others were accepted there for publication. In 1912 -- a year that also saw the first books published by Robert Frost and Edna St. Vincent Millay -- she published her first collection of poetry, A Dome of Many-Coloured Glass. It was also in 1912 that Amy Lowell met actress Ada Dwyer Russell. From about 1914 on, Russell, a widow who was 11 years older than Lowell, became Amys traveling and living companion and secretary. They lived together in a Boston marriage until Amys death. Whether the relationship was platonic or sexual is not certain -- Ada burned all personal correspondence as executrix for Amy after her death -- but poems which Amy clearly directed towards Ada are sometimes erotic and full of suggestive imagery. Imagism In the January 1913 issue of Poetry, Amy read a poem signed by H.D., Imagiste. With a sense of recognition, she decided that she, too, was an Imagist, and by summer had gone to London to meet Ezra Pound and other Imagist poets, armed with a letter of introduction from Poetry editor Harriet Monroe. She returned to England again the next summer -- this time bringing her maroon auto and maroon-coated chauffeur, part of her eccentric persona. She returned to America just as World War I began, having sent that maroon auto on ahead of her. She was already by that time feuding with Pound, who termed her version of Imagism Amygism. She focused herself on writing poetry in the new style, and also on promoting and sometimes literally supporting other poets who were also part of the Imagist movement. In 1914, she published her second book of poetry, Sword Blades and Poppy Seeds. Many of the poems were in vers libre (free verse), which she renamed unrhymed cadence. A few were in a form she invented, which she called polyphonic prose. In 1915, Amy Lowell published an anthology of Imagist verse, followed by new volumes in 1916 and 1917. Her own lecture tours began in 1915, as she talked of poetry and also read her own works. She was a popular speaker, often speaking to overflow crowds. Perhaps the novelty of the Imagist poetry drew people; perhaps they were drawn to the performances in part because she was a Lowell; in part her reputation for eccentricities helped bring in the people. She slept until three in the afternoon and worked through the night. She was overweight, and a glandular condition was diagnosed which caused her to continue to gain. (Ezra Pound called her hippopoetess.) She was operated on several times for persistent hernia problems. Style Amy Lowell dressed mannishly, in severe suits and mens shirts. She wore a pince nez and had her hair done -- usually by Ada Russell -- in a pompadour that added a bit of height to her five feet. She slept on a custom-made bed with exactly sixteen pillows. She kept sheepdogs -- at least until World War Is meat rationing made her give them up -- and had to give guests towels to put in their laps to protect them from the dogs affectionate habits. She draped mirrors and stopped clocks. And, perhaps most famously, she smoked cigars -- not big, black ones as was sometimes reported, but small cigars, which she claimed were less distracting to her work than cigarettes, because they lasted longer. Later Work In 1915, Amy Lowell also ventured into criticism with Six French Poets, featuring Symbolist poets little known in America. In 1916, she published another volume of her own verse, Men, Women and Ghosts. A book derived from her lectures, Tendencies in Modern American Poetry followed in 1917, then another poetry collection in 1918, Can Grandes Castle and Pictures of the Floating World in 1919 and adaptations of myths and legends in 1921 in Legends. During an illness in 1922 she wrote and published A Critical Fable -- anonymously. For some months she denied that shed written it. Her relative, James Russell Lowell, had published in his generation A Fable for Critics, witty and pointed verse analyzing poets who were his contemporaries. Amy Lowells A Critical Fable likewise skewered her own poetic contemporaries. Amy Lowell worked for the next few years on a massive biography of John Keats, whose works shed been collecting since 1905. Almost a day-by-day account of his life, the book also recognized Fanny Brawne for the first time as a positive influence on him. This work was taxing on Lowells health, though. She nearly ruined her eyesight, and her hernias continued to cause her trouble. In May of 1925, she was advised to remain in bed with a troublesome hernia. On May 12 she got out of bed anyway, and was struck with a massive cerebral hemorrhage. She died hours later. Legacy Ada Russell, her executrix, not only burned all personal correspondence, as directed by Amy Lowell, but also published three more volumes of Lowells poems posthumously. These included some late sonnets to Eleanora Duse, who had died in 1912 herself, and other poems considered too controversial for Lowell to publish during her lifetime. Lowell left her fortune and Sevenels in trust to Ada Russell. The Imagist movement didnt outlive Amy Lowell for long. Her poems didnt withstand the test of time well, and while a few of her poems (Patterns and Lilacs especially) were still studied and anthologized, she was nearly forgotten. Then, Lillian Faderman and others rediscovered Amy Lowell as an example of poets and others whose same-sex relationships had been important to them in their lives, but who had -- for obvious social reasons -- not been explicit and open about those relationships. Faderman and others re-examined poems like Clear, With Light Variable Winds or Venus Transiens or Taxi or A Lady and found the theme -- barely concealed -- of the love of women. A Decade, which had been written as a celebration of the ten year anniversary of Ada and Amys relationship, and the Two Speak Together section of Pictures of the Floating World were recognized as love poetry. The theme had not been completely concealed, of course, especially to those who knew the couple well. John Livingston Lowes, a friend of Amy Lowells, had recognized Ada as the object of one of her poems, and Lowell wrote back to him, I am very glad indeed that you liked Madonna of the Evening Flowers. How could so exact a portrait remain unrecognized? And so, too, the portrait of the committed relationship and love of Amy Lowell and Ada Dwyer Russell was largely unrecognized until recently. Her Sisters -- alluding to the sisterhood that included Lowell, Elizabeth Barrett Browning and Emily Dickinson -- makes it clear that Amy Lowell saw herself as part of a continuing tradition of women poets. Related Books Lillian Faderman, editor. Chloe Plus Olivia: An Anthology of Lesbian Literature from the 17th Century to the Present.Cheryl Walker. Masks Outrageous and Austere.Lillian Faderman. To Believe in Women: What Lesbians Have Done For America - A History.